When the drone returned to the mother ship, technicians downloaded its data, using computer software to stitch all of the sonar imagery into one coherent picture that they could quickly review. The submarines had now expended all torpedoes, and on 10 November, they returned to Midway. Submarine Losses, World War II.. The families of the 80 crew members who were onboard the submarine have been told about its discovery. 2012-2023 On Secret Hunt - All Rights Reserved What was the most successful US submarine ww2? Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. The U.S.S. An official website of the United States Government, Seventy-five years after a U.S. Navy submarine sank in the Pacific Ocean during World War II, the family members of its, One of the first photos of the USS Grayback under 1,400 feet of water after it was discovered off the Okinawa cost on June 5, 2019. In December 1943, on its ninth combat patrol, the Grayback used all of its torpedoes to take out four freighter ships carrying more than 10,000 tons. "I thought it was probably blown to pieces. Comment * document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a9c842299433894570c80e0bc7bfe01a" );document.getElementById("c08a1a06c7").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Lying off Munda early on the morning of 5 January, she received word that six survivors of a crashed Martin B-26 Marauder bomber were holed up on the island. The Grayback had only two torpedoes remaining, so it was ordered back home. In a matter of hours, Mr. Taylor was looking at the hull of the Grayback and, lying about 400 feet away, was the submarines deck gun, which had been blown off when the bomb exploded. November 10, 2019 John A. Moore, who had been awarded the Navy Cross for each of the first two. Three hours later, she surfaced and sank a second freighter. On March 17, 1942, the sub took down its first target, a 3,291-ton cargo ship off Port Lloyd in the Japanese-held Bonin Islands. Most populous nation: Should India rejoice or panic? While patrolling the Pacific and the South China Sea, she was incredibly successful in hunting enemy shipping. The builder's plate remains attached to the intact bridge. The USS Grayback and its 80 crew members disappeared in 1944 when it was attacked by a Japanese aircraft. On 22 June, she arrived at Fremantle, Western Australia, which was to remain her home base for most of the war. After waiting . Graybacks keel was laid down by the Electric Boat Company in Groton, Connecticut. It's the. The Grayback was slated to arrive in Midway in March, but never arrived and was listed as "presumed lost" by the end of the month. When the US entered the war, she sailed for the Pacific on the 12th January 1942. [16] The bow is broken off at an angle, and a portion of the hull near the stern imploded. It received two Navy Unit Commendations and eight battle stars. Mr. Bihn, who was born three years after the Grayback went down, remembers him as a constant presence in his maternal grandparents home, where a black-and-white photo of the submarine hung in the living room near a black frame holding Mr. Kings Purple Heart medal and citation. On Jan. 5, 1943, the sub helped rescue six survivors of a crashed B-26 on the island of Munda Bay, earning Cmdr. Now, more than six decades after its demise, the Stickleback has been rediscovered off the coast of Oahu by the Lost 52 Project, a private organization established to find the 52 United States. The mystery began on Jan. 28, 1944, when the Grayback, one of the most successful American submarines of World War II, sailed out of Pearl Harbor for its 10th combat patrol. Iwasaki found that the coordinates on the tape did not match the US Navy coordinates. First, is it necessarily true that all compartments of a submarine flood if it wrecks? Its plaque was still affixed to the front, but there was evidence that the sub likely was bombed. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Through the latter half of 1942, the Grayback damaged several freighters and was a general menace to enemy escorts, submarines and shipping vessels. Scan this QR code to download the app now. A 75-year-old mystery has been solved, and the families of 80 American sailors lost at sea will now have closure: the U.S.S. The sub was last heard from in February 1944. Grayback spotted the enemy conning tower a few times, and the Japanese ship broached once; but the Grayback could not get into position to attack. In that radio record, there is a longitude and a latitude of the attack, very clearly, Mr. Iwasaki said. The USS Grayback sailed out of. The Grayback, credited with sinking 14 enemy ships, was discovered south of Okinawa with much of its body still in tact. USS Grayback had a successful. She was due to return to Midway by the 7th March 1944, but she failed to return. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. The wreck of the USS Grayback, a World War II submarine, has been found off the coast of Japan 75 years after its sinking by a Japanese bomber. Mr. Bihn got a text message from his sister Katherine Taylor (no relation to Tim Taylor) two weeks ago, saying the Grayback had been found. With the new data and newly discovered Japanese mission logs, the searchers were able to refocus their efforts and, using groundbreaking robotics and technology, found the dilapidated sub 100 miles from the area recorded in the original historical records. On the 28th January 1944, the USS Grayback with her 80 strong crew, left on their 10th Combat Mission from Pearl Harbour. A sonar image of the USS . On the next to last day of the expedition, the drone reported a malfunction one-third of the way through a planned 24-hour mission. The USS Grayback was discovered off the coast of Japan on June 5 by the Lost 52 Project. She sent freighter Gyokurei Maru and escort Numakaze to the bottom and damaged several others in a surface attack. Grayback's tenth patrol, her most successful in terms of tonnage sunk, was also her last. On her third and fourth war patrols, in the South China Sea and St. George's Passage, Grayback was hampered by bright moonlight, shallow and treacherous water, and enemy patrol craft. We were elated, Mr. Taylor said. She was one of the most successful submarines during the war. Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. Was the USS Grayback submarine ever found? A 75-year-old mystery has been solved, and the families of 80 American sailors lost at sea will now have closure: the U.S.S. On 26 February 1944, Grayback suffered damage when land-based Japanese naval aircraft attacked her in the East China Sea, 2547N, 12845E, but sank the naval transport Ceylon Maru the next day . Nine days later the Navy announced that the submarine and the ninety-nine crewmen on board were presumed lost. Mr. Walsh gave Mr. Taylor his copy of the 1949 Navy history, U.S. The records from 1949 show that the US authorities believed that the USS Grayback sank approximately 100 miles south-east of Okinawa in the open ocean. Despite this, the wreckage of the submarine was never located, and the 80 crew were listed as missing. According to a news release, the Lost 52 team discovered that historical documents erred in the translation of the longitude of where the Grayback sank. As informed, this is the first US submarine discovered in Japanese waters and is the final resting place of 80 sailors. There he found a recording of the radio transmissions from the 27th February 1944. Six have been found in the decades since, and now the Grayback can be added to the list of subs whose demise is no longer a mystery. The discovery of the USS Grayback prompted me to wonder: what happens to human remains in shipwrecked submarines? Along with the use of new drone technology, the recovered military documents meant the team could correctly locate the submarine, which was 1,400ft (430m) down. Read about our approach to external linking. About a month later, the sub radioed that it had sunk two Japanese army cargo ships. His nephew John Bihn, of Wantagh, N.Y., is named after him. [11] The wreck was discovered about 100 nautical miles (190km; 120mi) from the coordinates established by the U.S. Navy in 1946 because of an error in its translation of the original Imperial Japanese Navy combat action reports. With 116,454 tons sunk, the USS Tang sank the most tonnage of shipping in World War II for the United States. It is my hobby, and also my passion.. On 10 November 2019, a private research group, Lost 52 Project, announced it had found the wreck of Grayback 50 nautical miles (93km; 58mi) south of Okinawa, in June 2019. I just could not believe it."I wish my parents were alive to see this, because it would certainly make them very happy, he added. She was somewhere off the coast of Okinawa when a Japanese war plane located the sub and dropped a 500-pound bomb on her after deck, after of the conning tower, damaging the ship beyond repair or recovery. On March 17, 1942, the sub took down its first target, a 3,291-ton cargo ship off Port Lloyd in the Japanese-held Bonin Islands. Arriving at Pearl Harbor on 12 September 1943, Grayback prepared for her eighth war patrol, now under the command of John Anderson Moore. Under their names, Mr. Bihn said, they had engraved, John Patrick King Lost in Action.. "The confirmation of the site as a US Navy sunken military craft ensures it is protected from disturbance, safeguarding the final resting place of our sailors," said Tim Taylor, who set up the project. Credited with sinking at least 14 ships during the war, the USS Grayback was one of 52 submarines that was lost in action. It sank four landing barges with its deck guns on Dec. 25, 1942. The USS Grayback has finally been found. (Video: The Washington Post) Gift Article Tim Taylor was about to end the mission. She was sunk near Okinawa on 27 February 1944. Stories of sunken ships have fascinated the world for centuries, including the story of the USS Grayback. The unexpected discovery within the USS Grayback During the Second World War, 52 US submarines were lost, taking the lives of 374 officers and 3,131 sailors. The sub was sunk by a Nakajima b5N carrier bomber Feb. 26, 1944, during its 10th war patrol, according to a video announcement from the Lost 52 project. That's what I thought. In this stunning work of investigative journalism, Ed Offley reveals that the U.S. Navy knew from the very beginning that the Scorpion had been sunk by the Soviets. Announcing the discovery of the USS Grayback on June 5th, 2019 by Tim Taylor and his "Lost 52 Project" team. The USS Grayback is about 426 metres below sea level (1,400 ft), so from the chart we can see that its local ambient temperature is around 15 - 20 degrees C. This is pretty good for microbial life. That night the Grayback resurfaced, and the small boat with the airmen and the two submariners made it safely back to the submarine. Wolfpack tactics came into play on 2 October as Grayback closed on a convoy already attacked by Shad, and sank a 9,000-ton transport, listing from two of Shad's torpedoes. The Lost 52 Project is an organization dedicating its time and resources to finding these lost subs. What was the name of the US submarine that sank the last Japanese submarine during World War II? Would the bodies mummify? The original coordinates had been mistranslated and were missing a digit. Grayback accounted for two ships, a passenger-cargo vessel torpedoed 14 October and a former light cruiser, Awata Maru, torpedoed after an end-around run on a fast convoy 22 October. How the most successful submarine in US Navy history ended up sinking itself. Due to reach Midway on 7 March, Grayback did not arrive. Private explorers found the USS Grayback about 1,400 feet below the ocean surface, off the coast of Japan, ending a decades-old mystery and bringing closure to relatives of those who went down with the ship. The submariners found the stranded airmen and found that three of the six were injured. and our Whats The Difference Between Dutch And French Braids? A 75-year-old mystery has been solved, and the families of 80 American sailors lost at sea will now have closure: the U.S.S. Which submarine sank the most ships in ww2? It was hidden from discovery all this time by a single errant digit. Dennison said the most important part of their work is about bringing closure to the families of those who died. Six have been found in the decades since, and now the Grayback can be added to the list of subs whose demise is no longer a mystery. A sonar image of the USS Grayback at a depth of 1,400 feet. She sailed from Pearl Harbor on 28 January 1944 for the East China Sea. Heading home through the East China Sea after attacking convoy Hi-40 on 24 February, Grayback used her last two torpedoes to sink the freighter Ceylon Maru on 27 February. "I committed from the very beginning, when I was a little girl, that I was going to find him or follow him or keep his memory alive," she told ABC News. Mr. Iwasaki is a systems engineer who lives in Kobe, Japan, and who became fascinated as a teenager with the Japanese merchant ships of World War II four-fifths of which were sunk during the war, he said. The US Navy officially verified the discovery of Grayback which was made on June 5, 2019, at a depth of 435 meters. "It was mistranslated after post-WWII, and they changed one number -- an 8 to a 6 -- and our Japanese translator re-translated it, found it, put us 100 miles to a different area.". He set up the privately funded Lost 52 Project to track down the rest, relying on technology that had become available only in the last 10 to 15 years. The Navy did compile a history of the 52 submarines it had lost during WWII with approximate locations of where the vessels sank, according to The New York Times. On 16 May, she torpedoed and seriously damaged a destroyer. On 30 March, ComSubPac listed her as missing and presumed lost with all hands. Tim Taylor and his team at the Lost 52 Project located the wreck using an autonomous underwater vehicle to gather sonar data from a few hundred feet above the seafloor. 329 August 1944, Bureau of Naval Personnel Information Bulletin No. The submarine was lost on Feb. 26, 1944, after a 500 pound bomb from a Japanese bomber sunk it . A U.S. Navy submarine missing for 75 years has been found off Okinawa, Japan. The Graybacks last patrol was its third under the command of Cmdr. I'd say we could expect quite the community of life at this depth that are equipped to deal with surface organics. As Commander Moore did 75 years before, Mr. Taylor launched his mission to Okinawa this spring from Hawaii. This first attack sank one freighter and damaged another before Grayback dived to elude depth charges. The most important thing is, they're here, now they can be celebrated again, they can be honored again, and we know where they are. The USS Grayback chugs along above water circa 1941. After the war, the Navy tried to piece together a comprehensive history of the 52 submarines it had lost. Unlike the drone, this one was steered manually from the mother ship, and had high-definition cameras. [14] The deck gun was found about 400ft (about 120m) from the primary wreckage.[15]. After four days, Grayback shook off the other submarine and continued on patrol. Grayback has finally been found. Finding the remains of the submarine has solved another of the mysteries of World War II and has given closure to the 80 families that waited 75 years to know where their loved ones were. She had gotten the news from Christine Dennison. IE 11 is not supported. The Lost 52 Project is an organization dedicating its time and resources to finding these lost subs. Yutaka Iwasaki, a Japanese amateur researcher, had delved into the records of the Imperial Japanese Navy at the Navy base at Sasebo. Grayback sent ashore two men, then submerged at dawn to avoid enemy aircraft. The USS Grayback SS-208 was launched on 30th June 1941 and attached to the Atlantic Fleet. On her sixth war patrol from 16 February to 4 April 1943, Grayback again had a run of bad luck, operating in the Bismarck ArchipelagoSolomon Islands area without any military success. Indonesias military on Sunday officially admitted there was no hope of finding survivors. [12] The discovery was officially verified by the U.S. Navy[13] and the families of the deceased crew members were notified. Remarkable new information has emerged on the fate of the nuclear-powered attack submarine USS Thresher, also known by its hull number SSN-593, the lead submarine of its class, which was lost during trials east of Cape Cod, Massachusetts . Ten days later, on March 7, the submarine USS Grayback failed to return to Pearl Harbor from her tenth war patrol as scheduled. Grayback lying at a depth of 1,427 feet off the coast of Okinawa, Japan. The history, issued in 1949, gave approximate locations of where each submarine had disappeared. On Jan. 5, 1943, the sub helped rescue six survivors of a crashed B-26 on the island of Munda Bay, earning Cmdr. USS Indianapolis, in full United States Ship Indianapolis, U.S. Navy heavy cruiser that was sunk by a Japanese submarine on July 30, 1945, shortly after delivering the internal components of the atomic bombs that were later dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. The U.S.S. The Grayback was found more than 1,400 feet under water and about 50 miles south of Okinawa, Japan. Mr. Taylor and his wife, Christine Dennison, have been searching for those 47, and have begun to focus on the ones that were probably sunk near Japan. Anyone can read what you share. They realised that the original Japanese mission logs of where the USS Grayback had sunk had been mistranslated, leaving out a digit, and were wrong by at least 100 miles (160km). Grayback went down, were one of the firsts to find out about the miraculous discovery. Required fields are marked *. This is how the Naval History and Heritage Command documented its demise: "That same day [Feb. 27], a Japanese carrier-based plane spotted a submarine on the surface in the East China Sea and attacked. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}2547N 12845E / 25.783N 128.750E / 25.783; 128.750, Bureau of Naval Personnel Information Bulletin No. In 2010 he found his first submarine, the U.S.S. In May 1943, it was credited with sinking the Japanese cargo ship Yodogawa Maru and the freighter England Maru, seriously damaging the destroyer Yugure with torpedoes and damaging two other freighters. It was one of 52 U.S. submarines reported missing during the great conflict. The sub was ordered home in late February with only two torpedoes remaining after an attack on a Japanese convoy. The On Eternal Patrol Memorial Reef is a group of 67 reef balls, each weighing approximately 3,800 pounds, one for each of the 65 missing submarines marked with a plaque indicating the name of boat, best known last location and loss of life. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Please note the wreck of USS Wahoo (SS-238) was found on July 28, 2006, in the La Perouse Strait by a team of Russian divers led by Vladimir Kartashev. After the United States's entry into World War II, Grayback departed for Pearl Harbor, Hawaii arriving 8 February 1942. Here are some of the many other notable events attributed to Grayback: The Grayback left Pearl Harbor for the last time on Jan. 28, 1944, on its way to the East China Sea for its 10th war patrol. Here are the details of its glory and its tragic end. It can be stated that the KRI Nanggala has sunk and all of its crew have died, one official said. Are the microbes we live with capable of consuming our entire bodies? Cookie Notice On 24 February, Grayback radioed that she had sunk two cargo ships on 19 February and had damaged two others (Taikei Maru and Toshin Maru sunk). Choose which Defense.gov products you want delivered to your inbox. The Lost 52 Project - whose aim is to locate lost US submarines from World War Two - led the mission to find the USS Grayback off the coast of Okinawa. On 17 January, she attacked a destroyer escorting a large maru, hoping to disable the escort and then sink the freighter with her deck guns. USS Grayback, a U.S. Navy submarine lost in 1944 to enemy air attack, has been found. She topped off with fuel at Midway, and departed from there on 3 February. The USS Grayback's data plaque, photographed in 1941. Grayback, one of WWII's most successful U.S. submarines, was discovered 1,400 feet . But the Navy had unknowingly relied on a flawed translation of Japanese war records that got one digit wrong in the latitude and longitude of the spot where the Grayback had probably met its end. Edward C. Stephan the Navy Cross. Grayback beneath 1,400 feet of water after realizing that a mistranslated Japanese war record had pointed searchers in the wrong direction. Two nights later, 20 to 21 December, she spotted another convoy of six ships, and after an end-around run, she fired a spread of nine torpedoes into the heart of the Japanese formation. One blew a gasket on a manhole cover, and the submarine, leaking seriously, was ordered back to Brisbane, Australia, where she arrived 23 January. The USS Grayback's data plaque, photographed in 1941. Gloria Hurney, who lost her uncle Raymond Parks, an electrician's mate, first class, and Kathy Taylor, who lost her uncle and Godfather John Patrick King, an electrician's mate, third class, were among the first to find out about the miraculous discovery. Her wreck was discovered in June 2019. On: July 7, 2022. Its the first U.S. submarine to be found in waters off Japan. Grayback has finally been found. Four days later, she was again fired on by an enemy submarine, but maneuvered to avoid the torpedoes. Its the first U.S. submarine to be found in waters off Japan. Private explorers found the USS Grayback beneath some 1,400 feet of water. A plaque on the front of the wreckage identifies the submarine as the USS Grayback An American submarine that went missing in World War Two has been rediscovered at the bottom of the East China. It seemed that when the translation was initially done in 1949, the last known latitude and longitude of the USS Grayback was mistranslated or incorrectly recorded by one digit, resulting in the location of the submarine being wrong by 100 miles. Photo courtesy of Naval History and Heritage Command. Read about our approach to external linking. The files included daily reports received by radio from the naval air base at Naha, Okinawa and the entry for Feb. 27, 1944, contained a promising lead. For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. An Underwater Workhorse. An underwater exploration project found the submarine off the coast of Okinawa, Japan, after finding military documents with the correct coordinates to locate it. According to a news release, the Lost 52 team discovered that historical documents erred in the translation of the longitude of where the Grayback sank. The Department of Defense provides the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation's security. A World War II Navy submarine missing for 75 years has finally been found off the coast of Japan. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. If so, I would assume normal ocean decomposition. The Grayback was damaged on Jan. 17, 1943, by a depth charge and had to go back to port at Brisbane, Australia, for repairs. "With the technology that we're using, and the ability to cover large swaths of ground, we're looking at the potential to find several more.". With no body to bury, Mr Bihn's grandparents, Patrick and Catherine King . This month, the Navy History and Heritage Command verified the discovery of the Grayback, which the Lost 52 Project found 1,427 feet below sea level on June 5 off Okinawa's coast. For Kathy Taylor, whose uncle John Patrick King was on the vessel, the discovery brings closure. I was dumbfounded, he said. The wreck has severe damage aft of the conning tower, consistent with Japanese reports of a direct bomb hit in that area. In all, the Grayback sank more than a dozen Japanese ships. Crew Remains: Archaeologists excavating the Hunley after its recovery in 2000 found the crewmembers remains were largely found at their stations, with no sign of panic or desperate attempts to escape the submarine. USS Grayback, submarine missing for 75 years, found off Japan - YouTube A U.S. Navy submarine missing for 75 years has been found off Okinawa, Japan. The Navy considers submarines like the Grayback to be still on patrol.. It was listed as presumed lost on March 30, 1944. Would they eat only soft tissue? A missing Indonesian submarine has been found, broken into at least three parts, deep in the Bali Sea, army and navy officials said on Sunday, as the president sent condolences to relatives of the 53 crew. How many US submarines were lost in the Pacific? And it did not match what was in the 1949 Navy history, not by a hundred miles. Ask a science question, get a science answer. The Grayback was expected at Midway on March 7, 1944, but it never arrived. His third Navy Cross would be awarded posthumously, after the submarine sent 21,594 tons of Japanese shipping to the bottom on its last mission. The submarine sits upright on the bottom in 1,400ft (430m) of water. A World War II submarine that was sunk with 80 sailors on board and has been missing for three-quarters of a century was found, according to an organization dedicated to finding dozens of lost war subs. Two months later, it was listed as missing and presumed lost.Watch \"CBS This Morning\" HERE: http://bit.ly/1T88yARDownload the CBS News app on iOS HERE: https://apple.co/1tRNnUyDownload the CBS News app on Android HERE: https://bit.ly/1IcphuXLike \"CBS This Morning\" on Facebook HERE: http://on.fb.me/1LhtdvIFollow \"CBS This Morning\" on Twitter HERE: http://bit.ly/1Xj5W3pFollow \"CBS This Morning\" on Instagram HERE: http://bit.ly/1Q7NGnYGet new episodes of shows you love across devices the next day, stream local news live, and watch full seasons of CBS fan favorites anytime, anywhere with CBS All Access. On 5 January, Grayback served as beacon ship for the bombardment of Munda Bay in the Solomon Islands, and also engaged in rescue work. On January 28, 1944, the Grayback set sail from Pearl Harbor for the East China Sea for its 10th combat patrol. Asked by: Herminio Kris. The action began on the night of 18 to 19 December; Grayback attacked a convoy of four freighters and three escorts. Researchers recently discovered a flaw in the translation of Japanese war records that misrepresented the spot where the Grayback may have sank. Thanks to a Japanese amateur researcher, the wreck of the USS Grayback has been located off the coast of Okinawa, Japan, 75 years after the submarine mysteriously went missing in March 1944. [9], Graybacks commanding officer John Anderson Moore was awarded his third Navy Cross posthumously after this patrol.[10]. This month, the Navy History and Heritage Command verified the discovery of the Grayback, which the Lost 52 Project found 1,427 feet below sea level on June 5 off Okinawas coast. The aircraft saw no survivors on the surface. R-12, off Key West, Fla., where it sank during a training exercise in 1943. Uncovering the history of those ships necessarily brought him into contact with records on submarines. According to Japanese reports, the submarine "exploded and sank immediately," but antisubmarine craft were called in to depth-charge the area, clearly marked by a trail of air bubbles, until at last a heavy oil slick swelled to the surface. As they recovered the drone, Mr. Taylor said, half of his crew started getting the ship ready to return to port, thinking that the vehicle was likely to be beyond quick repair. A later project involved converting the uncompleted heavy cruiser Seydlitz into the carrier Weser, but that was curtailed in June 1943, and the Soviets scrapped what they found of it after the war. This month, the Navy History and Heritage Command verified the discovery of the Grayback, which the Lost 52 Project found 1,427 feet below sea level on June 5 off Okinawas coast. About a month later, the submarine reported sinking two Japanese cargo ships on. Sailing 26 September with Shad(SS-235), she met Cero(SS-225) at Midway Island to form the first of the Submarine Force's highly successful wolfpacks. One of those names was John Patrick King. In two years, it went on 10 successful war patrols, during which it sank a total of 63,835 tons and 14 ships.
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