Great swaths of land that had once whispered grass now screamed corn and wheat.". The three major firms had also integrated upstream into the production of essential raw materials and they began to expand into other areas of chemistry such as pharmaceuticals, photographic film, agricultural chemicals and electrochemical. Toronto: Peter Burger, 2007. Rapid advances in the creation of steel, chemicals and electricity helped fuel production, including mass-produced consumer goods and weapons. Flashcards. [29] The solution that Ford Motor developed was a completely redesigned factory with machine tools and special purpose machines that were systematically positioned in the work sequence. The Second Industrial Revolution was brought about by a variety of new technological breakthroughs which occurred in the middle of the 19th century. [15] Other important steel productsalso made using the open hearth processwere steel cable, steel rod and sheet steel which enabled large, high-pressure boilers and high-tensile strength steel for machinery which enabled much more powerful engines, gears and axles than were previously possible. Characteristics of the Industrial Revolution. It also was the period during which modern organizational methods for operating large scale businesses over vast areas came into use. "Toronto Metal Workers and the Second Industrial Revolution, 18891914,", This page was last edited on 1 May 2023, at 08:04. Causes of Industrial Revolution 2. It was a tremendous transformation of peoples lives, says Joshua B. Freeman professor of history at Queens College and author of Behemoth: The Making of the Factory and the Modern World. Brunel followed this up with the Great Britain, launched in 1843 and considered the first modern ship built of metal rather than wood, powered by an engine rather than wind or oars, and driven by propeller rather than paddle wheel. At the same time, ideas and news spread via newspapers, the radio and telegraph. It also made it possible to build larger ships, skyscrapers, and longer, stronger bridges. Know what started the Industrial Revolution and why it originated in Great Britain through its 10 most important causes. The second industrial revolution made western Europe separated from northern Europe. The Second Industrial Revolution is followed by the Third Industrial Revolution starting in 1947. What were the causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution in Western Europe? This mechanization made some factories an assemblage of unskilled laborers performing simple and repetitive tasks under the direction of skilled foremen and engineers. Railroads are credited with creating the modern business enterprise by scholars such as Alfred Chandler. The "acid" Bessemer process had a serious limitation in that it required relatively scarce hematite ore[12] which is low in phosphorus. The Industrial Revolution first began in Britain in the 18th century but soon spread throughout Europe and North America. Cheap wood based paper also allowed keeping personal diaries or writing letters and so, by 1850, the clerk, or writer, ceased to be a high-status job. [80] From the 1850s until 1911, British submarine cable systems dominated the world system. Part. Yet after World War I, the railroad would be replaced by the automobile. Wilson, Arthur (1994). Use this chart to identify the causes and effects of these events in the North, South, West, and Midwest. 5) Agricultural Revolution. Paper in the Making. Other technological developments followed, including the invention of the surface condenser, which allowed boilers to run on purified water rather than salt water, eliminating the need to stop to clean them on long sea journeys. This made many nations experience economic growth, becoming richer and more developed every day. By 1890, the figure had fallen to under 10% and the vast majority of the British population was urbanized. [103], By 1900 the German chemical industry dominated the world market for synthetic dyes. When the telegraph became available, companies built telegraph lines along the railroads to keep track of trains. The Golden Book of Cycling William Hume, 1938. Vanadium steel, for example, is strong and fatigue resistant, and was used in half the automotive steel. Flashcards. The Second Industrial Revolution. Factory employees did not earn much, and the work was often dangerous. For working-class families, prosperity was often followed by poverty as the availability of work rose and fell depending on the demand for goods. In America, although non-phosphoric iron largely predominated, an immense interest was taken in the invention.[14]. Northern Europe produced all of the goods, made more money, and the workers living conditions were higher. [60] Power was transmitted by means of two roller chains to the rear axle. And factory workersincluding womenthen had the money to buy these products. In 1844 he replaced the engines of the Admiralty yacht, HMSBlack Eagle with oscillating engines of double the power, without increasing either the weight or space occupied, an achievement which broke the naval supply dominance of Boulton & Watt and Maudslay, Son & Field. While it was a period of unprecedented progress and innovation that propelled some people into vast wealth, it also condemned many to poverty, creating a deep social chasm between the industrial machine and the working middle class that fueled it. By the 1880s chemical processes for paper manufacture were in use, becoming dominant by 1900. At the same time, however, industrialization and urbanization drastically reduced the share of the population engaged in agriculture. You could produce all the parts of a gun and assemble any set and make a gun, Satia says. Later coal gained prominence. With the introduction of cheaper paper, schoolbooks, fiction, non-fiction, and newspapers became gradually available by 1900. Each of these states had roughly 5 percent more of the total US workforce than would be expected given their populations. [83] He founded The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company in Britain in 1897[84][85] and in the same year transmitted Morse code across Salisbury Plain, sent the first ever wireless communication over open sea[86] and made the first transatlantic transmission in 1901 from Poldhu, Cornwall to Signal Hill, Newfoundland. Modern tarmac was patented by British civil engineer Edgar Purnell Hooley in 1901.[58]. It featured wire wheels (unlike carriages' wooden ones)[59] with a four-stroke engine of his own design between the rear wheels, with a very advanced coil ignition [60] and evaporative cooling rather than a radiator. The chemist James Young set up a tiny business refining the crude oil in 1848. The science of metallurgy was advanced through the work of Henry Clifton Sorby and others. The large number of stages of the turbine allowed for high efficiency and reduced size by 90%. By the late 1880s, the first efficient commercial electrical generators made large-scale transmission of electrical power to the public possible. The First Industrial Revolution, which ended in the middle of the 19th century, was punctuated by a slowdown in important inventions before the Second Industrial Revolution in 1870. [64] His most prominent achievement was to formulate a set of equations that described electricity, magnetism, and optics as manifestations of the same phenomenon, namely the electromagnetic field. One of his earliest engines was the grasshopper beam engine. A collision in Massachusetts in 1841 led to a call for safety reform. The availability of cheap steel allowed building larger bridges, railroads, skyscrapers, and ships. Being a much more durable material, steel steadily replaced iron as the standard for railway rail, and due to its greater strength, longer lengths of rails could now be rolled. For example, to calculate rates they needed to know the cost of a ton-mile of freight. [88], Railroads involved complex operations and employed extremely large amounts of capital and ran a more complicated business compared to anything previous. The first large scale central distribution supply plant was opened at Holborn Viaduct in London in 1882[27] and later at Pearl Street Station in New York City. [104] There were many spin offs from researchsuch as the pharmaceutical industry, which emerged from chemical research. entertainment, news presenter | 4.8K views, 31 likes, 13 loves, 80 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from GBN Grenada Broadcasting Network: GBN News 28th April 2023 Anchor: Kenroy Baptiste. This greatly reduced the infection and death rates from many diseases. At its peak, the Ford Motor Company factory in Michigan employed 40,000 workers under one big roof. [42] Drake's well touched off a major boom in oil production in the United States. In 1863 he used etching with acid to study the microscopic structure of metals and was the first to understand that a small but precise quantity of carbon gave steel its strength. [79], The rapid expansion of telegraph networks took place throughout the century, with the first undersea telegraph cable being built by John Watkins Brett between France and England. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press (Rowman & Littlefield), 700pp, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTemple1986 (. The salt domes also held natural gas, which some wells produced and which was used for evaporation of the brine. Oil (Gasoline) 5. In 1924 2 million T-Fords were produced and retailed $290 each.[61]. "From Rostow to Chandler to You: How revolutionary was the second industrial revolution? Gasoline was an unwanted byproduct of oil refining until automobiles were mass-produced after 1914, and gasoline shortages appeared during World War I. Called the most important engineering achievement of the 20th century by the National Academy of Engineering, electric lighting greatly improved working conditions and productivity in factories. Perhaps the most tragic negative aspect of the Second Industrial Revolution was the growth of unregulated child labor. Germany was not weighted down with an expensive worldwide empire that needed defense. Highly efficient multiple expansion steam engines began being used on ships, allowing them to carry less coal than freight. At the time, chemistry was still in a quite primitive state; it was still a difficult proposition to determine the arrangement of the elements in compounds and chemical industry was still in its infancy. By 1900, the U.S. Census revealed that 25% of the American population was foreign-born. 18701914 period of rapid technological change, "Industry 2" redirects here. The practice of child labor remained common until 1938 when the Fair Labor Standards Act (FSLA) imposed the first nationwide compulsory federal regulation of wages and working hours. James Clerk Maxwell wrote a paper mathematically analyzing the actions of governors, which marked the beginning of the formal development of control theory. developed by the Nobel prize-winning chemists Carl Bosch of IG Farben and Fritz Haber in Germany. Omissions? Much of the explosion of economic production in America during the Second Industrial Revolution has been attributed to the expansion of the railroads. It remains the world's most efficient prime mover. Although the machines made work easier in some ways, factory work created many problems for the laborers. 51, 103116 & Preston, A., & Major, 1965, J., Send a gunboat. But during the testing of a boat propelled by one, the screw snapped off, leaving a fragment shaped much like a modern boat propeller. Scientific management initially concentrated on reducing the steps taken in performing work (such as bricklaying or shoveling) by using analysis such as time-and-motion studies, but the concepts evolved into fields such as industrial engineering, manufacturing engineering, and business management that helped to completely restructure[citation needed] the operations of factories, and later entire segments of the economy. Electrification allowed the final major developments in manufacturing methods of the Second Industrial Revolution, namely the assembly line and mass production.[29]. [57] Its popularity soon grew, causing the bike boom of the 1890s. This led to what was called "railroad accounting", which was later adopted by steel and other industries, and eventually became modern accounting.[89]. [77] By the time of Parson's death, his turbine had been adopted for all major world power stations. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1760s, largely with new developments in thetextileindustry. Horses and mules remained important in agriculture until the development of the internal combustion tractor near the end of the Second Industrial Revolution. Ford is a great hero, Freeman says, but the other side of the coin is a nightmarish vision of the factory as Satans province.. Other important alloys are used in high temperatures, such as steam turbine blades, and stainless steels for corrosion resistance. The Second Industrial Revolution: Causes and Effects. The vulcanization of rubber, by American Charles Goodyear and Englishman Thomas Hancock in the 1840s paved the way for a growing rubber industry, especially the manufacture of rubber tyres[54]. Considered to have been triggered by the invention of the Bessemer process for the cost-effective production of steel and the associated expansion of the U.S. railroad system, the period resulted in an unprecedented increase in industrial production. Britain retained its belief in free trade throughout this period. ThoughtCo. In the chart, you will identify the political, social, economic, population, and transportation changes that the revolution brought to each region. Download Free Worksheet View answer key The increase in mechanization required more metal parts, which were usually made of cast iron or wrought ironand hand working lacked precision and was a slow and expensive process. New products and services were introduced which greatly increased international trade. In addition to its steam-powered paddle wheels, the ship carried four masts for sails. Black Diamond Express train on the Lehigh Valley Railroad in Pennsylvania, circa 1898. Products More Affordable 2. The second industrial revolution also known as the technological revolution was a period of breaking advancements in the aspects of manufacturing, technology, and the methods of industrial production which particularly took place in the United States from 1870 to 1914. The three major firms BASF, Bayer and Hoechst produced several hundred different dyes, along with the five smaller firms. The first to make durable rails of steel rather than wrought iron was Robert Forester Mushet at the Darkhill Ironworks, Gloucestershire in 1857. The wide-ranging social impact of both revolutions included the remaking of the working class as new technologies appeared. Built on an unprecedented scale and pioneering the use of high voltage (10,000V) alternating current, it generated 800 kilowatts and supplied central London. The Living Rock: The Story of Metals Since Earliest Times and Their Impact on Civilization. [9] This stove used firebrick as a storage medium, solving the expansion and cracking problem. [105], Belgium during the Belle poque showed the value of the railways for speeding the Second Industrial Revolution. Learn. Ball and roller bearings also began being used in machinery. ", Roberts, Wayne. By the early 18th century, people there had used up most of their trees for building houses and ships and for cooking and heating. Who were some important inventors of the Industrial Revolution? There have been other times that have been called "second industrial revolution". Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. By the 1860s, the increased availability and lower cost of Bessemer process steel finally allowed the railroads to utilize it in quantity. The Second Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid industrial development, primarily in the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States, but also in France, the Low Countries, Italy and Japan. Test. [51] Brunel's vision and engineering innovations made the building of large-scale, propeller-driven, all-metal steamships a practical reality, but the prevailing economic and industrial conditions meant that it would be several decades before transoceanic steamship travel emerged as a viable industry. After 1830, when it broke away from the Netherlands and became a new nation, it decided to stimulate industry. How did the Industrial Revolution change economies? Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named "paraffine oil" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax. Child Laborers Stripping Tobacco In New York 1873. For many, the shift from rural to factory life was gruelingespecially for children. Lee De Forest's subsequent invention of the triode allowed the amplification of electronic signals, which paved the way for radio broadcasting in the 1920s. Electrification was called "the most important engineering achievement of the 20th century" by the National Academy of Engineering. Life got a whole lot faster. Scottish scientist James Clerk Maxwell was particularly influentialhis discoveries ushered in the era of modern physics. Both the number of unskilled and skilled workers increased, as their wage rates grew[100] Engineering colleges were established to feed the enormous demand for expertise. ,[49][50] built by engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel, was the longest ship in the world at 236ft (72m) with a 250-foot (76m) keel and was the first to prove that transatlantic steamship services were viable. Practically every aspect of everyday life had altered dramatically over the past century. The Second Industrial Revolution affected the regions of the United States differently. Sidney Gilchrist Thomas developed a more sophisticated process to eliminate the phosphorus from iron. The science was continually improved and evolved into an engineering discipline. (2021, December 6). The first widely used internal combustion engine was the Otto type of 1876. This led to the reorganization of railroads into different departments with clear lines of management authority. A scientific understanding of electricity was necessary for the development of efficient electric generators, motors and transformers. However, being soft and often full of impurities, iron rails could not support heavy locomotives and required frequent repair and replacement. Broadberry, Stephen, and Kevin H. O'Rourke. Massive improvements in public health and sanitation resulted from public health initiatives, such as the construction of the London sewerage system in the 1860s and the passage of laws that regulated filtered water supplies(the Metropolis Water Act introduced regulation of the water supply companies in London, including minimum standards of water quality for the first time in 1852). On its completion in 1891 it supplied high-voltage AC power that was then "stepped down" with transformers for consumer use on each street. This difference was most notable in the states with the largest populations, such as New York and Pennsylvania. The causes of the Second Industrial Revolution were: Natural resources (coal,iron, oil) Abundant Labor Supply (immigration) Strong Government Policy (Laissez Faire) New Sources of Power ( electricity,petroleum,steel) Railroads American Inventors and Inventions Your welcome. Practice Identifying Causes & Effects of the Second Industrial Revolution with practice problems and explanations. Updates? They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. ADVERTISEMENTS: After reading this article you will learn about Industrial Revolution:- 1.
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